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47,XXX (trisomy x)

Early neurodevelopmental and medical profile in children with sex chromosome trisomies

Article Title: Early neurodevelopmental and medical profile in children with sex chromosome trisomies: Background for the prospective eXtraordinarY babies study to identify early risk factors and targets for intervention

Authors: Tartaglia, Howell, Davis, Kowal, Tanda, Brown, Boada, Alston, Crawford, Thompson, Van Rijn, Wilson, Janusz, and Ross

Date of Publication: May 13, 2020

“This study aims to better describe and compare the natural history of SCT conditions, identify predictors of positive and negative outcomes in SCT, evaluate developmental and autism screening measures commonly used in primary care practices for the SCT population, and build a rich data set linked to a bank of biological samples for future study. Results from this study and ongoing international research efforts will inform evidence-based care and improve health and neurodevelopmental outcomes.”

Rick Frith2020-06-16T17:00:13-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY|

Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: what we can learn from sex chromosome aneuploidies

Article Title: Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: what we can learn from sex chromosome aneuploidies

Authors: Green, Flash, and Reiss

Date of Publication: January 2019

“The study of individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidies provides a promising framework for studying sexual dimorphism in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here we will review and contrast four syndromes caused by variation in the number of sex chromosomes: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, and XXX syndrome. Overall we describe an increased rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, along with the increased rates of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in one or more of these conditions. In addition to contributing unique insights about sexual dimorphism in neuropsychiatric disorders, awareness of the increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in sex chromosome aneuploidies can inform appropriate management of these common genetic disorders.”

Rick Frith2020-05-25T15:21:05-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, Other Variations|Tags: Neuropsychiatry|

Changes in the cohort composition of TS, severe non-diagnosis of KS, 47,XXX and 47,XYY syndrome

Article Title: Changes in the cohort composition of Turner syndrome and severe non-diagnosis of Klinefelter, 47,XXX and 47,XYY syndrome: a nationwide cohort study

Authors: Claus H. Gravholt, MD, PhD et al

Date of Publication: January 14, 2019

“The prevalence of TS is higher than previously identified, and the karyotypic composition of the TS population is changing. Non-diagnosis is extensive among KS, Triple X and Double Y, whereas all TS seem to become diagnosed. The diagnostic activity has increased among TS with other karyotypes than 45,X as well as among KS and Double Y.”

Rick Frith2019-10-30T15:01:28-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, Other Variations|

Neurocognitive functioning and risk for psychopathology in sex chromosome trisomy

Article Title: A review of neurocognitive functioning and risk for psychopathology in sex chromosome trisomy (47,XXY, 47,XXX, 47,XYY)

Authors: Sophie van Rijn, PhD

Date of Publication: March 2019

This paper reviews studies that illustrate an increased risk for social, emotional and behavioral problems in individuals with 47,XXY, 47,XXX, or 47,XYY. The primary focus of research in this area has been on language and learning problems; more recent research suggests that impairments in executive functioning, social cognition and emotion regulation may also be key factors underlying the risk for behavioral problems and mental disorders. Directions for future research are provided.

Rick Frith2019-10-10T15:53:37-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY|

Social cognition and underlying cognitive mechanisms in children with an extra X chromosome: a comparison with autism spectrum disorder

Article Title: Social cognition and underlying cognitive mechanisms in children with an extra X chromosome: a comparison with autism spectrum disorder

Authors: S. van Rijn, L. Stockmann, G. van Buggenhout, C. van Ravenswaaij-Arts, and H. Swaab

Date of Publication: 2014

This 2014 paper by Dr. Sophie van Rijn is an excellent study on the Theory of Mind and “the reported social behavioral difficulties in individuals with an extra X chromosome include shyness, social withdrawal, social anxiety, social immaturity, difficulties in peer relationships, social impulsivity, communication difficulties, reduced social assertiveness and difficulties with ‘being sensitive and responsive to the feelings and rights of others.”

“Individuals with an extra X chromosome are at increased risk for autism symptoms. This study is the first to assess theory of mind and facial affect labeling in children with an extra X chromosome.”

Rick Frith2019-04-30T09:29:50-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY|

Vocal & Gestural Productions of 24-month-old Children with Sex Chromosome Trisomies

Article Title: Vocal and gestural productions of 24-month-old children with sex chromosome trisomies

Authors: Laura Zampini, Lara Draghi, Gaia Silibello, Francesca Dall’Ara, Claudia Rigamonti,Chiara Suttora, Paola Zanchi, Nicoletta Salerni, Faustina Lalatta, and Paola Vizziello

Date of Publication: January 2018

Rick Frith2018-04-25T21:20:27-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY|

Trisomy X Panel and Q&A

Presentation slides from the 2017 AXYS Family Conference presentation:

Triple X Syndrome (PDF)

Presented by Rebecca Wilson, PsyD and others

Rick Frith2017-07-21T21:31:30-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x)|Tags: 2017 Conference|

Guide to Trisomy X

Article Title: Guide to Trisomy X

Author: Kathleen Erskine

Date of Publication: 2011

Kathleen Erskine, a graduate student in the Joan H. Marks Graduate Program in Human Genetics at Sarah Lawrence College conducted a study to identify the important aspects of 47, XXX/ 3X/ Triple X/ Trisomy X to discuss with girls when they first learn about their Trisomy X diagnosis. The end result of this study is this educational booklet for parents to give their daughter when they first tell her about Trisomy X.

Rick Frith2018-09-04T12:38:16-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x)|

A Review of Trisomy X (47, XXX)

Article Title: A review of trisomy X (47,XXX)

Authors: Nicole Tartaglia, Susan Howell, Ashley Sutherland, Rebecca Wilson, and Lennie Wilson

Date of Publication: May 2010

“Trisomy X is a sex chromosome anomaly with a variable phenotype caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in females (47,XXX instead of 46,XX). It is the most common female chromosomal abnormality, occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 female births. As some individuals are only mildly affected or asymptomatic, it is estimated that only 10% of individuals with trisomy X are actually diagnosed. The most common physical features include tall stature, epicanthal folds, hypotonia and clinodactyly. Seizures, renal and genitourinary abnormalities, and premature ovarian failure (POF) can also be associated findings. Children with trisomy X have higher rates of motor and speech delays, with an increased risk of cognitive deficits and learning disabilities in the school-age years. Psychological features including attention deficits, mood disorders (anxiety and depression), and other psychological disorders are also more common than in the general population.”

Rick Frith2023-01-14T17:25:56-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x)|Tags: Trisomy X Overview|

Triple X syndrome: a review of the literature

Article Title: Triple X syndrome: a review of the literature

Authors: Otter, Schrander-Stumpel, and Curfs

Date of Publication: July 1, 2009

“Triple X syndrome is a syndrome with a high level of variety in the physical and behavioural phenotype. Triple X syndrome is not rare, but it is often undiagnosed. Notwithstanding the relatively high prevalence of triple X syndrome, there are many issues yet to be studied in physical and behavioural development up to old age.”

“Above all, further study is needed to establish evidence-based treatment and support protocols in physical treatments (endocrinological treatment, fertility issues and treatment in cases with EEG anomalies in relation to behaviour, etc.), educational support, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, and psychological treatment, such as psychotherapy and family therapy.”

Rick Frith2023-01-14T17:32:49-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x)|Tags: Trisomy X Overview|