Other Variations Archives - The Association for X and Y Chromosome Variations

Generating Advancements in Longitudinal Analysis in X and Y Variations

Article Title: Generating Advancements in Longitudinal Analysis in X and Y Variations: Rationale, Methods, and Diagnostic Characteristics for the GALAXY Registry

Authors: Carl, Bothwell, Swenson, Bregante, Cohen, Cover, Dawczyk, Decker, Gerken, Hong, Howell, Raznahan, Rogol, Tartaglia, and Davis

Date of Publication: July 26, 2025

“Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are a family of genetic disorders that result from an atypical number of X and/or Y chromosomes. SCAs are the most common chromosomal abnormality, affecting ~1/400 live births, yet are often underdiagnosed, leading to over-representation of more severely impacted individuals in many clinical studies. In addition to this ascertainment bias, existing work in SCAs has also been limited by low geographic and demographic diversity. To address these limitations, we have created the Generating Advancements with Longitudinal Analysis in X and Y variations (GALAXY) Registry. Through prioritizing sustainability, transparency, and minimizing participant burden, the overarching goal of the GALAXY Registry is to improve health outcomes for individuals with SCAs by serving as an infrastructure for future SCA research based on a large, heterogeneous, and longitudinal sample. To date, GALAXY has accrued 335 verified SCA participants with an average accrual of 11.2 participants/month (6.7 47,XXY, 1.9 47,XXX, 2.0 47,XYY, 3.2 48,XXYY, 1.8 48,XXXY, and 1.3 Other). Demographic data between those identified to have SCA prenatally (predominantly cell-free DNA screening) differ from those diagnosed postnatally for insurance status, age at enrollment, genetic test type, and reason for SCA diagnosis. Next steps include targeted recruitment of underrepresented groups (e.g., non-47, XXY karyotypes, older adults, minoritized individuals), extraction of medical record data into the registry, international expansion, and continued engagement with the SCA community. As a collaboration between clinician investigators and the SCA community, the GALAXY Registry is a powerful resource for future patient-centered clinical research.”

Rick Frith2025-08-14T14:42:05-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, All Variations, Mosaicism, Other Variations|Tags: GALAXY|

A genome-first study of sex chromosome aneuploidies provides evidence of Y chromosome dosage effects on autism risk

Article Title: A genome-first study of sex chromosome aneuploidies provides evidence of Y chromosome dosage effects on autism risk

Authors: Berry, Finucane, Myers, Walsh, Seibert, Martin, Ledbetter, and Oetjens

Date of Publication: October 1, 2024

“In this study, we examined four SCAs in the SPARKMC-SCA cohort to explore how variations in sex chromosome dosage impact ASD risk. In our primary analysis examining the association between SCAs and ASD, we found the extra Y effect was significantly larger than the extra X effect. This conclusion was drawn from our observation that individuals with 47,XYY showed a 2.4-fold higher risk of ASD compared to those with 46,XY, and supported by our observation that individuals with 47,XXY were at a 4.6-fold higher risk compared to those with 46,XX.”

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Rick Frith2024-12-17T16:15:17-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, Other Variations|Tags: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Turner syndrome|

Clinical, Cognitive and Neurodevelopmental Profile in Tetrasomies and Pentasomies: A Systematic Review

Article Title: Clinical, Cognitive and Neurodevelopmental Profile in Tetrasomies and Pentasomies: A Systematic Review

Authors: Ricciardi, Cammisa, Bove, Picchiotti, Spaziani, Isidori, Aceti, Giacchetti, Romani, and Sogos

Date of Publication: November 9, 2022

“Our study aimed to analyse the neurocognitive, linguistic and behavioural profile of patients affected by supernumerary SCAs, specifically tetrasomy and pentasomy. We investigated the verbal abilities, both expressive and receptive, as well as the metalinguistic comprehension and attentive skills
of these patients.”

Rick Frith2023-11-16T13:25:08-05:00Categories: 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, Other Variations|Tags: Neurodevelopment, Neuropsychology|

Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on White Matter

Article Title: Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on White Matter

Authors: Warling, Yavi, Clasen, Blumenthal, Lalonde, Raznahan, and Liu

Date of Publication: June 12, 2021

“These findings represent the most complete maps of X- and Y-chromosome effects on human white matter to date, and show how such changes connect to psychopathological symptoms and gray matter anatomy.”

Rick Frith2023-09-05T14:53:57-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXYY, Other Variations|Tags: Neuroimaging, White Matter|

Associations of psychiatric disorders with sex chromosome aneuploidies in the Danish iPSYCH2015 dataset: a case-cohort study

Article Title: Associations of psychiatric disorders with sex chromosome aneuploidies in the Danish iPSYCH2015 dataset: a case-cohort study

Authors: Sánchez, Montalbano, Vaez, Krebs, Byberg-Grauholm, Mortensen, Børglum, Hougaard, Nordentoft, Geschwind, Buil, Schork, Thompson, Raznahan, Helenius, Werge, and Ingason

Date of Publication: February 2023

“Increased risks of psychiatric disorders associated with sex chromosome aneuploidies, combined with low rates of clinical diagnosis of sex chromosome aneuploidies, compromise the adequate provision of necessary health care and counselling to affected individuals and their families, which might be helped by increased application of genetic testing in clinical settings.”

What’s missing in sex chromosome aneuploidies? Representation and inclusion

Article Title: What’s missing in sex chromosome aneuploidies? Representation and inclusion

Authors: Mehmet, McDonald, Saldarriaga, Pineros-Leano, and Dwyer

Date of Publication: January 2022

“Given that KS/TS happen by chance, theoretically, these rates should be similar across racial/ethnic groups. Namely, the rates of KS/TS should be similar among non-Hispanic Whites and Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) communities. Currently, it is unknown to what extent HR-QoL has been examined in BIPOC communities affected by KS/TS. To provide culturally-informed care for all patients with KS/TS, it is critical to understand the experiences of BIPOC communities. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on HR-QoL in KS/TS to examine the extent that BIPOC communities have been included and represented in the literature to date.”

Rick Frith2023-03-07T10:56:34-05:00Categories: 47,XXY (Klinefelter), All Variations, Other Variations|Tags: BIPOC, Inclusion, Representation, Turner syndrome|

Variegation of autism related traits across seven neurogenetic disorders

Article Title: Variegation of autism related traits across seven neurogenetic disorders

Authors: Lee, Niu, Zhang, Clasen, Kozel, Smith, Wallace, and Raznahan

Date of Publication: April 7, 2022

“Gene dosage disorders (GDDs) constitute a major class of genetic risks for psychopathology, but there is considerable debate regarding the extent to which different GDDs induce different psychopathology profiles. The current research speaks to this debate by compiling and analyzing dimensional measures of several autism-related traits (ARTs) across seven diverse GDDs.”

Rick Frith2023-03-07T13:09:06-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, Other Variations|Tags: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Neuropsychiatry|

Recommendations to improve the patient experience and avoid bias when prenatal screening/testing

Article Title: Recommendations to improve the patient experience and avoid bias when prenatal screening/testing

Authors: Meredith, Brackett, Diaz, Freeman, Huggins, Khan, Leach, Levitz, Michie, Onufer, Skotko, Smith, White, Waller, and Ayers

Date of Publication: October 29, 2022

“While prenatal screening and testing have expanded substantially over the past decade and provide access to more genetic information, expectant parents are more likely to describe the diagnosis experience as negative than positive. In addition, the conversations that take place during these experiences sometimes reflect unconscious bias against people with disabilities. Consequently, an interdisciplinary committee of experts, including people with disabilities, family members, disability organization leaders, healthcare and genetics professionals, and bioethicists, reviewed selected published and gray literature comparing the current state of the administration of prenatal testing to the ideal state. Subsequently, the interdisciplinary team created recommendations for clinicians, public health agencies, medical organizations, federal agencies, and other stakeholders involved with administering prenatal screening and testing to create better patient experiences; conduct training for healthcare professionals; create, enforce, and fund policies and guidelines; and engage in more robust data collection and research efforts.”

Rick Frith2023-02-14T14:04:39-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, All Variations, Mosaicism, Other Variations|Tags: NIPS, NIPT, prenatal|

Positive predictive value of noninvasive prenatal testing for sex chromosome abnormalities

Article Title: Positive predictive value of noninvasive prenatal testing for sex chromosome abnormalities

Authors: Guo, Cai, Lin, Xue, Huang, and Xu

Date of Publication: August 12, 2022

A clinic had 47,855 patients undergo NIPT (noninvasive prenatal testing). They found that the positive predictive value (PPV) for sex chromosome abnormalities was 36.9%. The PPV in patients aged 30–34 years was significantly higher than that in patients aged < 30 years.

Rick Frith2022-11-11T16:32:26-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, All Variations, Mosaicism, Other Variations|Tags: NIPS, NIPT, prenatal|

Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) results for participants of the eXtraordinarY babies study

Article Title: Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) results for participants of the eXtraordinarY babies study: Screening, counseling, diagnosis, and discordance

Authors: Howell, Davis, Thompson, Brown, Tanda, Kowal, Alston, Ross, and Tartaglia

Date of Publication: September 6, 2022

“The majority (57%) of parents with a NIPS result positive for SCA defer diagnostic confirmation until birth; however, diagnostic results can be discordant with NIPS results, which may impact genetic counseling.”

Rick Frith2022-10-20T14:33:20-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXYY, All Variations, Mosaicism, Other Variations|Tags: NIPS, prenatal|