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A review of neurocognitive functioning of children with sex chromosome trisomies

Article Title: A review of neurocognitive functioning of children with sex chromosome trisomies: Identifying targets for early intervention

Authors: Van Rijn, Urbanus, and Swaab

Date of Publication: July 2, 2019

“Results of the reviewed studies show that although traditionally, the focus has been on language and intelligence (IQ) in this population, recent studies suggest that executive functioning and social cognition may also be significantly affected already in childhood. These findings suggest that neuropsychological screening of children diagnosed with SCT should be extended, to also include executive functioning and social cognition. Knowledge about these neurocognitive risks is important to improve clinical care and help identify targets for early support and intervention programs to accommodate for the needs of individuals with SCT.”

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2021-01-13T13:26:28-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY|Tags: |

The behavioral profile of children aged 1–5 years with sex chromosome trisomy

Article Title: The behavioral profile of children aged 1–5 years with sex chromosome trisomy (47,XXX, 47,XXY, 47,XYY)

Authors: Van Rijn, Tartaglia, Urbanus, Swaab, and Cordeiro

Date of Publication: May 20, 2020

“Collectively, these results demonstrate the importance of behavioral screening for behavioral problems in routine clinical care for children with SCT from a young age. Social–emotional problems may require special attention, as these problems seem most prominent, showing increased risk across the full age range, and with these problems occurring regardless of the timing of diagnosis, and across all three SCT karyotypes.”

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2021-01-07T16:31:23-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY|

Infertility considerations in Klinefelter syndrome: From origin to management

Article Title: Infertility considerations in Klinefelter syndrome: From origin to management

Authors: Deebel, Bradshaw, and Sadri-Ardekani

Date of Publication: December 15, 2020

“Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is defined as the presence of one or more extra “X” chromosome in a male patient. It affects approximately 1 in 600 newborn males and the most common chromosomal abnormality, leading to male hypogonadism and infertility. There is a lack of data supporting best practices for KS patients’ care. In this paper we review controversial issues in KS research ranging from mechanisms of variation in KS phenotype to abnormalities resulting in reduced sperm production to successful sperm retrieval disparities after testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Translation to live birth and offspring health is also examined. Finally, medical therapies used to optimize the hormonal status and chances of fertility in KS patients are reviewed. We will also discuss the experimental spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) treatments, which are considered the future for TESE negative patients.”

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2024-09-05T10:45:31-04:00Categories: 47,XXY (Klinefelter)|Tags: |

Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism

Article Title: Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism

Authors: Bonomi, Rochira, Pasquali, Balercia, Jannini, and Ferlin

Date of Publication: September 19, 2016

“Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is characterized by an extreme heterogeneity in its clinical and genetic presentation. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genetic background has been partially disclosed; nevertheless, physicians are aware that several aspects concerning this issue are far to be fully understood. By improving our knowledge on the role of some genetic aspects as well as on the KS, patients’ interindividual differences in terms of health status will result in a better management of this chromosomal disease. The aim of this review is to provide an update on both genetic and clinical phenotype and their interrelationships.”

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2020-12-30T15:51:44-05:00Categories: 47,XXY (Klinefelter)|

Strategies to improve early diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome

Article Title: Strategies to improve early diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome

Authors: Alberto Ferlin

Date of Publication: October 2020

“Klinefelter syndrome is the most frequent chromosome disorder in men, but it is largely undiagnosed or receives a late diagnosis in adulthood. This condition is characterized by an extra X-chromosome: approximately 80%-90% of patients with Klinefelter syndrome have a 47,XXY karyotype, 10%-20% mosaicisms of two different genetic lines such as 47,XXY/46,XY, isochromosome X, and higher number of X chromosomes. Although our knowledge on this syndrome substantially improved in last years, the diagnostic rate is still low. It has been estimated that only 25% to 40% of subjects with 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome are ever diagnosed. A prenatal diagnosis is made in 15–20% of these cases, 10% is diagnosed before puberty, 15% at puberty, and the remaining 50–60% of cases are diagnosed during adulthood, typically in the course of a fertility workup, with some cases diagnosed even after the age of 50 or 60 years. Variants with higher number of X chromosomes (48,XXXY and 49,XXXXY) have more severe phenotype and distinct clinical features, which leads to higher diagnostic rate than 47,XXY. This manuscript refers to the most common form 47,XXY syndrome and strategies to improve early and timely diagnosis.”

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2020-12-23T15:26:48-05:00Categories: 47,XXY (Klinefelter)|

AXYS Consensus Documents

Consensus-based recommendations from the AXYS Clinic & Research Consortium

Click or tap on a title below to view/download the document in PDF format.

Genetic Counseling and Family Support for Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies

Seizures and Tremor in People with X & Y Chromosome Variations

Fertility Guidelines for Klinefelter Syndrome

Educational Guidelines, IEPs, and School Services for Children with X & Y Chromosome Variations

Transition to Adulthood for Individuals with X & Y Variations

2024-02-15T11:24:13-05:00

ACRC Accomplishments

In 2015, the AXYS Board of Directors voted to approve the development of the AXYS Clinical and Research Consortium (ACRC). The two goals that AXYS defined at that time were to improve the availability and the quality of services to the X&Y variation community. As the ACRC grew, the original goals were refined to be as follows:

  • Make life easier for those seeking evaluation and treatment.
  • Bring consistency to treatment that is consensus and/or evidence-based.
  • Advance the overall X&Y variation field through coordinated efforts including research.
  • Bring clinical excellence to the field of X&Y variations.

Though each clinic operates independently, as members of a consortium, they collaborate with one another, share informational resources, and have the opportunity to participate in joint research projects.

In addition, AXYS organizes annual meetings of the consortium at which members meet to discuss topics important to the X&Y chromosome variation community. AXYS works to ensure that all families impacted by any of the chromosome variations have access to the best available evaluation and treatment or treatment recommendations.

Timeline of the ACRC

(Click on the year to see the accomplishments for that year.)

• AXYS brought on Robby Miller as an experienced consultant to assist AXYS in creating the ACRC

First meeting of ACRC 2015

First meeting of ACRC 2015

• The formation committee, Dr. Tartaglia and Susan Howell of the eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic in Colorado, Jim Moore the AXYS Executive Director and Robby met. The consortium was formed.

• First ACRC meeting held in Denver

• AXYS Clinical Needs and Desires survey, supported by AXYS, Emory University and PCORI began

• AXYS Clinical Needs and Desires survey concluded. Results presented to ACRC by lead investigator Dr. Sharron Close

• Launched with 8 founding clinics: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Denver, Los Angles, New York, Stanford, Wilmington

• ACRC meets in Denver

• Discussed need for Adult clinics

• Added clinic in Wake-Forest

• ACRC meets in Chicago

• Began Consensus Documents

• Added clinic in Philadelphia

• ACRC meets in Atlanta

• Conducted study to pilot a process to form clinics for adults, funded by the WITH Foundation Grant. Study led by Sharron Close at Emory University and Susan Howell at Colorado Children’s Hospital.

2019 CME Grant Team

• AXYS awarded grant from the Kosloski Family Foundation to create CME course on Klinefelter Syndrome in Adults

• Added clinics in Boston and Cleveland

Photo of 2019 ACRC meeting

Photo of 2019 ACRC meeting

• First virtual ACRC meeting

• Held quarterly ACRC meetings with dedicated discussions on telehealth, Families of Color and Adult clinics

• Added clinic in New York, second clinic in Philadelphia for adults

• Added first international clinics in Vancouver, Canada and Århus, Denmark

• Expanded ACRC to include clinical researchers:

    • Megan A. Allyse, PhD. Mayo Clinic, United States
    • Christine Disteche, PhD, University of Washington, United States
    • Claus Gravholt, MD, PhD, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
    • Armin Raznahan MD, PhD, National Institutes of Health, United States
    • Sophie van Rijn, PhD, Leiden University, The Netherlands

• Published first Consensus Documents

• Added international clinic in London, UK

• Supported by grants from AXYS and The XXYY Project, GALAXY Registry project launched

• The XXYY Project launches ACRC Clinic Visit Stipend

• ACRC Clinic Visit Stipend expanded for all X&Y variations

• Added 2 ACRC Clinics (Sacramento and Chicago) for a total of 18 clinics

2023-10-25T12:01:21-04:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, All Variations, Other Variations|Tags: |

AXYS Klinefelter Syndrome CME Course

CME Course Title: Klinefelter Syndrome: Identifying, characterizing and managing an underdiagnosed condition with serious consequences

Course Directors: Hooman Sadri, MD, PhD and Stuart Howards, MD

Reviewed by the AXYS Clinic & Research Consortium (ACRC)

Date: October 2020

“Introduction:

Have you unknowingly seen someone with Klinefelter Syndrome in your practice?

Chances are, you have. Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosome disorder, occurring in approximately 1 out of every 600 male births. Yet an estimated 60 to 75% of those with KS will remain undiagnosed throughout their lifetimes.

Why does this matter?

It matters because KS is linked to significantly higher mortality rates and a range of physical, neurocognitive, and social/behavioral comorbidities as well as a lower quality of life and socioeconomic status. Some healthcare providers believe that delayed diagnosis can increase patient morbidity. And it matters because those with KS are getting lost in our healthcare system. Studies show that the majority of individuals with KS report being dissatisfied with their care. In addition, many with KS and their families find that their providers have outdated information about the condition, or little information at all. By learning more about the many facets of KS, providers across the healthcare system can work together to better treat and support those with this condition and their families.”

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2020-11-28T15:55:52-05:00Categories: 47,XXY (Klinefelter), Resources|Tags: |

The Expert in the Room

Article Title: The Expert in the Room: Parental Advocacy for Children with Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies

Authors: Richardson, Riggan, and Allyse

Date of Publication: November 2, 2020

“Owing to fragmentation in the medical system, many parents of children with disabilities report taking on a care coordinator and advocate role. The parental advocacy and care coordination requirements are further amplified in this population because of a lack of awareness about sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) in medical and social services settings, as well as the complex needs of affected children. This burden disproportionately affects mothers and low-resource families as a result of gendered ideas of parenthood and social stratification in resource access. The aim of this study is to understand the unique parental burdens of SCAs and family support needs.”

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2020-11-13T15:01:37-05:00Categories: 47,XXX (trisomy x), 47,XXY (Klinefelter), 47,XYY, 48,XXXY, 48,XXYY, All Variations, Other Variations|Tags: |
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The Association for X and Y Chromosome Variations (AXYS) is dedicated to addressing the needs of those affected by one or more extra X and/or Y chromosomes. We are focused on sharing knowledge, offering support, and initiating action to help improve lives of individuals and families.

Our Supporters

This website was enabled by the generous support of The American Association for Klinefelter Syndrome Information and Support, in memory of Wolfram Nolten, MD, an endocrinologist whose assistance and care were a continual inspiration to the Klinefelter community.

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PO Box 145
Apison, TN 37302

Helpline: 1-267-338-4262 or helpline@genetic.org
Email: info@genetic.org

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